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The product of a Christian-Jewish marriage, I grew up in a predominately African American neighborhood of Philadelphia at an experiential intersection of blacks and Jews, adjacent to but outside of either identity. diir. 129 The Huntington Library, San Marino, California. Richard Day’s Christian prayers and meditations (1569), RB 60973, fol. Ham mocks Noah, upper right hand-image, as figure for Jews mocking Jesus, middle right- hand image. MS Sloane 346 fol. 6v.Ĥ.6 Rotulus representing the genealogy of Jesus detail showing offspring of Cham (Ham). 127 bpk Bildagentur /Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin /Art Resource, NY Ms.lat.fol.141 Rotulus. The Philistines deride and blind Samson. 122 © The British Library Board. Ham mocks the nudity of the sleeping Noah while Shem and Japhet hide their eyes. 121 © The British Library Board.

The Jews spit upon Hur, the husband of Miriam. 120 © The British Library Board. The Jews veil and beat Jesus. 119 © The British Library Board. Page from the Glossa Ordinaria that includes the text of Genesis 9:24–29 and accompanying commentaries. 114 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München, Clm 14132, Genesis et Exodus cum glossa ordinaria fol 40v, urn: nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00034372-2. Cain, Ham, and Ishmael: The African Travels of Perpetual Servitude Jewish Ham: Developing a Discourse of Hereditary Inferiorityĥ. Making Darkness Visible: The Colors of Subjection in Medieval English Psalter IlluminationsĤ. The Mark of Cain and Embodying Inferiorityģ. Servitus Judaeorum: Biblical Figures, Canon Law, and the Construction of Hereditary InferiorityĢ. Introduction: Theology, Inferiority, Racismġ. This book is dedicated to my mother, Anne Wingfield Kaplan, and in memory of my other “mothers” Emma Burnside Willis, Doris Bryce Ingram, and Frieda Grunfeld Eisen, whose love, courage, and integrity inspire all I do. CIP data is on file at the Library of Congress ISBN 978–0–19–067824–1 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 Printed by Sheridan Books, Inc., United States of America You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer.

Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. 1 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.

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